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 CHAPTER I
Introduction
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The Department of Ocean Development was created in July, 1981 as a part of the Cabinet Secretariat directly under the charge of the Prime Minister. From March, 1982 it became a separate Department.
The mandate of the Department includes :
(i) Promotion of Research and Development in the marine sector
(ii) Surveys to locate and map the resources potential, living and non- living in the Exclusive Economic Zone
(iii) Development, conservation and protection of coastal ocean
(iv) Marine environment on high seas
(v) Human Resources Development
(vi) Exploration and development of seabed mining
(vii) Promotion and coordination of Antarctic Research
(viii) Collaboration with other agencies/countries
(ix) Legal regime for the oceans & Antarctica
(x) Matters relating to oceans not specifically allotted to any other Department
The Department of Ocean Development functions in conjunction with other agencies concerned as a focal point to promote institutional capabilities in areas where significant work is lacking. Department has been given specific responsibilities in relation to (i) Antarctic research programme to demonstrate India's scientific potential and capabilities, and (ii) development of deep seabed mining for polymetallic nodules. India has been allotted a mine site in the Central Indian Ocean under the new Ocean regime and has been accorded pioneer status in deep seabed exploration.
Organisational Set-up of the Department:
The present sanctioned strength of the Department, including administrative, technical and supporting staff of the Head Quarters and attached/ subordinate offices is 213 in all grades.
The Department has created three attached offices viz. Antarctic Study Centre at Goa and Project Cell for implementation of Polymetallic Nodules Programme at HQ and one subordinate office, namely Sagar Sampada Cell at Kochi. A subordinate office, Andaman and Nicobar Centre for Ocean Development (ANCOD) has been established at Port Bliar.
The National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), a registered society under the administrative control of and budgetary support by the Department, functions as a technical arm of the Department for development of ocean related technology.
The Research Advisory Committee and Technical Steering Committees identify the thrust areas of research and development and also approve specific projects for implementation. The Cruise Planning and Programmes Priority Committees for Ocean Development finalises and approves the cruise programmes for the research vessels. The Department utilises the resources and manpower from various agencies in the country for implementing the programmes in the Ocean sector.
Major Programmes of the Department:
The major programmes and projects of the Department taken up till the end of 8th Plan and implemented are:
(1) Scientific research in Antarctica
(2) Deep Seabed Exploration (Polymetallic Nodules Programme)
(3) Surveys for marine resources
(4) Coastal Zone & Islands
* Satellite-based Marine Remote Sensing Information Service (MARSIS);
* Coastal Ocean Monitoring & Prediction Systems (COMAPS) and Modelling of Estuaries
* Island Development Programme; and
* Monitoring and Modelling of Sea Level Variations.
(5) Marine Instrumentation & Systems
* Establishment of Communication System between shore station and fishing vessels at sea.
* Development of Fish finder integrated with GPS.
(6) Research, Development and Specialised Manpower
* Marine Research and Development in basic sciences.
* Manpower Training.
(7) Infrastructure & Ships
National Institute of Ocean Technology
Coastal Research Vessels
National Data Buoy programme
(8) International co-operation and Programmes
(9) Information and awareness
* National Ocean Information System
* Exhibition and fairs
* Marine aquaria, oceanaria etc.
(10) Administrative Support & Infrastructure
While formulating the research and development programmes, stress is laid on benefits to society, accelerated development of technology and its use in exploitation of resources.
Scientific experiments under Antarctic Research Programme take into consideration the increasing importance and the relevance of Antarctic research in understanding the global climate and environment. An experimental krill fishing programme using the research vessel FORV Sagar Sampada was undertaken in 1995-96.
In the field of Polymetallic Nodules Programme, emphasis is on the utilisation of the intermediate technologies in the survey and exploration and mining for immediate use in the Exclusive Economic Zone and developing pilot scale technology for extractive metallurgy.
Coastal Zone and Islands Programmes have been accorded priority and all the schemes under the programme have been formulated with a stress on deriving benefits to the society and development of relevant technologies.
Continued support is being provided to Universities and R&D Institutions for conducting basic research in various disciplines of Ocean sciences and technology.
The major thrust areas identified by the Department for 9th Plan, on the basis of the recommendations of the Expert Groups set by the Department for evolving a 10 year perspective plan.
During the 9th Plan, the programmes have been oriented to develop and use the Ocean Science & Technology for the benefit of the community and industry. The programmes envisaged for implementation could broadly be grouped under the following major areas :-
i) The societal programmes which include a wide array of activities such as Shore to Fishing Vessel Communication System, Development of Integrated GPS-cum-Fish Finder, Potential Fishing Zone Forecasts, Drugs from the Sea, Island Development Programmes, Coastal Ocean Monitoring and Prediction System, Coastal Research Vessels, Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management, Ocean Observation and Information Services, etc., with direct and/or indirect benefit.
ii) Technology development programmes such as Polymetallic Nodules, National Institute of Ocean Technology and International programmes including delineation of Continental Shelf to fulfil international obligations and for future application with strategic industrial and Geo-political significance.
iii) Antarctic programme which incorporates annual expedition to Antarctica and research in Polar Science, as a consultative party to the Antarctic Treaty with scientific, Geo-political and future economic significance.
iv) Marine Resources Programme directed towards exploration of Marine Living and Non-Living Resources, coordination with Oceanographic parameters and to study and evolve exploration strategies for future socio- economic benefits on a sustainable basis and creation of the related infrastructure facilities.
v) Capacity Building Programme towards self-reliance with basic scientific research in Ocean sector, human resource development, establishment of Centres of Excellence in academic institutions, public awareness on oceans and its uses, etc.
For the Annual Plan 1997-98, an outlay of Rs 88.10.90 crore has been provided for implementing the aforesaid under the Central Plan.
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CHAPTER II
Review of Overall Performance during 1995-96
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ANTARCTIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME
The XV Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica with 48 members sailed from Goa on 6th December, 1995. The summer component of the team returned in March, 1996 leaving behind 26 members to XII winter-over .
An exclusive cruise to the Indian Ocean Sector of the Southern Oceans was undertaken onboard the Departmental Research Vessel, Sagar Sampada for an assessment of krill and other living resources in the Antarctic waters.
During the course of XV Expedition, scientific experiments in various fields of polar science, viz, Earth Sciences & Glaciology; Atmospheric Sciences & Meteorology; Biology & Environmental Sciences; Human Physiology & Medicine; and Communication & Engineering, were undertaken.
The Major scientific accomplishments during this period were as follows:
Earth Sciences and Glaciology:
- Geological mapping of virgin areas of the Orwin II Mountains covering an area of 1000 sq.km.
- Geo-chemical sampling of the crystallines of Schirmacher Oasis to elucidate the evolutionary and metamorphic history of the area.
- In situ measurements of petrophysical properties of rocks including radio-activity in the Schirmacher oasis area.
- Ice core drilling upto a depth of 100m for paleo-environment and paleo- climatic studies.
Atmospheric Sciences & Meteorology:
- Measurement of seasonal variation of ozone on a continuous basis by mm wave radiospectrometer.
- Monitoring the response of the auroral oval to changing solar and geo- magnetic conditions using fluctuate magnetometers.
- Planetary boundary layer studies to understand surface atmospheric circulation patterns.
- Continuous recording of surface weather parameters and radiation budget measurement.
- Periodic ozone sonde and radio sonde ascends to quantify climatic parameters on a vertical scale.
Biological Sciences & Environmental Sciences:
- Studies on algal colonisation and micro-fauna in freshwater lakes as a part of biodiversity studies and ecological monitoring.
- Systematic identification and cataloguing of moss inhabiting fauna in the terrestrial ecosystem.
- Aerial monitoring of birds and mammals on the Antarctic ice-shelf as a part of devising a long term protocol using GIS techniques.
- Environmental impact assessment studies through analysis of diverse samples of land, air and water from the station with the aim to generate baseline data required for devising an environmental monitoring protocol.
- Initial assessment of distribution and abundance of krill, cephalopods and Antarctic fish in the FAO fishing area No. 58, in the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Oceans with relation to prevailing physico- chemical and biological parameters in the water column.
- Assessment of commercial exploitation of krill through development of post-harvest technology and marketable value added products.
Human Physiology & Medicine:
- Studies on correlation of circadian rhythmicity and metabolic status of personnel through monitoring of body parameters on a year round basis.
- Effect of ophiods and altered photoperiod in immuno-modulation during Antarctic winters.
Communication & Engineering:
- Upgradation of data and voice communication between Maitri and India using low power HF transmitters.
- Establishing an experimental amateur radio station.
- Low temperature structural engineering studies on building materials and other station infrastructure.
- Characterisation and control of electrical earthing and electro-static charge problem of Maitri station.
The major logistic accomplishments during this period were as follows:
- Erection of the super structure for the garage-cum-workshop for repair and maintenance of vehicles.
- Erection of the balloon launching hut as a part of the meteorological laboratory.
- Erection and commissioning of the waste incineration system of the station.
- Induction of two new all terrain vehicles, tracked trailers and a heavy duty crane for supporting land convoys.
Polymetallic Nodules Programme:
Survey and Exploration:
During 1995-96 sampling in the selected blocks of 25 km x 25 km in the pioneer area was completed at 12.5 km. grid interval. A report on resource evaluation on the basis of the deep tow photographs obtained earlier, was undertaken. Three deep sea mooring systems were deployed in a triangular configuration in the pioneer area, for data collection on time series oceanography. A report recommending relinquishment of additional 10% of pioneer area was prepared on the basis of upto date sampling and other data.
Mining :
* Specifications for upgraded version of Remotely Operated Vehicle for operation upto 250 metre were finalised.
* Baseline data collection off Chavara, Kerala, for one year was completed.
* Preliminary engineering drawing for the integrated shallow bed sand mining system was completed.
* Design of manipulator was also finalised.
* GIA study of Chavara offshore mine site was commissioned.
Extractive Metallurgy:
Four pilot plant campaigns each were completed at National Metallurgical Laboratory (NML), Jamshedpur and Regional Research Laboratory (RRL), Bhubaneswar.
* A 5 litre autoclave was commissioned at Hindustan Zincs Limited (HZL), Udaipur and leaching compaigns were undertaken.
* Manganese recovery from nodules and waste management aspects were taken up by NML (J) and RRL (B) .
COASTAL ZONE AND ISLANDS
Marine Satellite Information Service(MARSIS):
MARSIS is designed to develop capabilities for retrieval of Ocean data from satellite imageries, to generate useful Ocean data products and to disseminate them to the end users on an operational basis.
The following progress was made during 1995-96;
* SST and PFZ maps were generated and disseminated regularly. PFZ dissemination centres increased to 174.
* Wet-land maps for Karnataka (13 maps), Goa (6 maps) and Maharashtra (29 maps) were developed.
* Shore-line change maps for Goa (6 maps), Gujarat (60 maps) and Andhra Pradesh (50 maps) were developed.
* Preliminary studies on ocean surface wind vector from ERS-1 scatterometer were completed and fortnightly and monthly mean maps of wind vector for one year was generated. Operational production of these maps are now possible if regular scatterometer data is available.
* An algorithm for estimation of latent heat flux using surface level humidity and SST data was developed, and taken up for validation.
* The project on internal waves was completed. Internal waves which were characterised using the IRS and ERS - 1 data have many potential applications for off-shore operations, sub-marine communications, ocean productivity, etc.
* About 26 drifting buoys (19 Low cost + 7 Multiparameter) were deployed in the Arabian sea, Bay of Bengal and Equatorial Indian Ocean for collection of in-situ Met-Ocean data. 3 Multiparameters and 2 directional wave track buoys were moored off the Goa coast and Gulf of Kuchch for collection of surface data and wave data.
* A model explained in the intensification of cyclones in the Bay of Bengal was developed, which will help in predicting cyclones.
* A pilot project on the creation of Coastal Zone Information System (CZIS) for Rameswaram Taluk and Mahanadi Estuary mangrove region was completed. An atlas of the Indian Ocean SST which depicts the monthly and seasonal average distribution of SST and another atlas on "chlorophyll -a" of the Northern Indian Ocean was prepared.
Sea Level Monitoring And Modelling (SELMAM):
In order to assess variations in the sea level due to climatic and other changes and impact of such variations on the coastal belt of India, a project was initiated for establishment of modern tide gauges for measurement of tides more accurately and preparation of contour maps of the coastal region. The data collected from the tide gauge stations and coastal maps will form the basis for developing predictive models for assessing the effect of sea level variations and storm surges on the coast. Some of the major accomplishments during 1995-96 were:
* The cabin construction at Kavaratti, Madras, Kochi, Visakhapatnam and Tuticorin was completed
* Installed acoustic tide gauges at Goa, Port Blair and Madras. Commissioned the tide gauge stations at Port Blair and Madras
* Fabricated 7 improved stilling wells.
* Fabricated 7 digital type Float gauges.
* Held an international workshop on Sea Level Data Analysis for Asia-Pacific countries at Survey of India.
* Completed scribing, Scripting and final printing of the coastal area maps for the stretch Nellore to Machilipatnam.
National Data Buoy Programme:
Met-Ocean Data buoy is a comprehensive long-term marine monitoring programme designed particularly to make the real-time data on various meteorological and oceanographic parameters available to the users such as National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), India Meteorological Department (IMD), Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC), etc. The programme envisages collection of data on meteorology and oceanographic environment such as atmospheric air pressure, wind, surface temperature , salinity, wave etc. on time series basis. The data from the buoys can be telemetered via INMARSAT or INSAT to the shore station. National data buoy programme envisages mooring of twelve data buoys at selected locations in the coastal waters of India (i.e., the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal). Four out of 12 buoys will be equipped with additional water sensors to monitor continuously the water characteristics and ocean currents.
The department constituted a Tender Evaluation Committee to evaluate the technical and financial offers of two Norwegian companies. The Committee met twice and furnished recommendations. An EFC Memo for implementation of the programme was prepared and circulated.
Coastal Ocean Monitoring & Prediction System (COMAPS):
The vast marine environment has long been used as a site for the disposal of wastes. In some cases the polluted material is discharged directly into the sea and in other cases the pollutants reach the rivers and estuaries and finally end up in the sea. Pollution of the marine environment and its effects on the living resources has assumed considerable importance in the recent times.
Since most of the pollutants enter the coastal waters through river run- offs and estuarine discharges, with the exception of oil pollution, most of the studies are limited to the estuarine and nearshore waters. Most of these substances have varying degrees of toxicity to both marine organisms and man and a great public health importance constituting a serious threat to the future utilisation of living resources. These pollutants pose special problems in environmental toxicology because of their extreme persistence and bio- accumulation. In order to monitor the levels of various marine pollutants in the coastal and offshore waters of the country and to assess the health of our seas, a programme on Coastal Ocean Monitoring and Prediction Systems (COMAPS) is under implementation since 1991.
* Data on 25 pollution parameters were collected at 77 locations with the help of 11 Institutions to determine the trend of increase or decrease of pollution.
* In order to assess the performance of the COMAPS units of the Department two inter-laboratory exercises were conducted and a Workshop on "Nutrients in Seawater" during 13th-17th November, 1995 was organised.
* Stage-1 of the mathematical model, to study the flow pattern of pollutants in Thane Creek was completed.
* As a result of monitoring, areas of low, medium and high concentrations of pollutants have been identified and the areas of high concentration of pollutants are being monitored intensively.
* Improved infrastructural set up in all the COMAPS units was created.
* The National Marine Data Centre on Marine Pollution at the Regional Centre of National Institute of Oceanography, Bombay was established to disseminate the information on status of marine pollution in the country.
Island Development Programme:
The main objective of this programme is to demonstrate the technology of shrimp culture in acid sulphate soil, mixed culture of finfish and coral reef rejuvenation.
During the year 1995-96 the following activities were taken up.
* Training of fishermen on shrimp culture.
* Demonstration of technique for culture of shrimp culture under acidic soil conditions.
* Experiments on techniques for deploying artificial structures as the substratum for rejuvenation of coral reef.
Marine Instrumentation and Systems:
Under this programme facilities are provided by the Department to the fishermen in coastal areas for improving the communication between the fishing vessels and the shore station, so that they are able to effectively communicate to the nearest land mark when they are in distress and save their lives.
Nine shore stations which were commissioned during 1994-95, were operationalised. The Annual Maintenance Contract for maintaining and servicing radio telephones at the shore stations and walkie-talkie sets distributed to the fishermen was awarded to different firms for a duration of one year. The basic work for establishing shore to fishing vessel communication system in the other coastal states and Union Territories viz. W. Bengal, Orissa, Pondicherry, A & N Islands in the East coast and Maharashtra, North Goa and Lakshadweep islands in the west coast, was initiated. With a view to assisting the small-scale mechanised sector in locating the fishing ground and location of the vessel at sea, orders for developing Integrated Global Positioning System Navigator-cum-Fish Finder, were awarded to M/s Aerospace Ltd. and Bharat Electronics Ltd., through M/s Electronics Research & Development Corporation, Thiruvananthapuram.
Research, Development and Specialised Manpower:
The objective of the programme is to provide support to the research projects and develop the specialised manpower in the field of oceanography. During the year 1995-96 support was continued to 10 institutions/universities working on the national project "Drugs from Sea". Besides 17 ongoing projects were also supported. During the year 1995-96, seven new projects were recommended by the Research Advisory Committee.
The Department was also granting fellowships/associateships for undertaking research in the various fields of ocean sciences. There are at present around 60 research personnels who presently working in various universities and institutions. During the year 1995-96, 18 new Research Fellowships were approved by the Department
Drugs from Sea:
The National Project on Development of Potential Drugs from Sea has led to identification of 17 potential organisms having properties as anti-fertility, anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-diabetic, anti-malarial, anti-hypertensive, anti- inflammatory, anti-anxiolytic, anti-amoebic and larvicidal agents. Out of these, five organisms which showed potent activity as anti-diabetic, anti-viral, anti- amoebic, anti-anxiety and larvicidal agents, have been identified for developing atleast two herbal drugs in the next few years.
INFRASTRUCTURE AND SHIPS
National Institute Of Ocean Technology (NIOT):
The National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) was established in 1993 at Madras as an autonomous society under the administrative control of Department of Ocean Development (DOD) for undertaking technology development in the ocean sector.
The Institute is undertaking research activities relating to ocean technology under four major mission mode projects i.e., Ocean Energy, Deep Sea Technology & Ocean Mining, Coastal Zone Studies and Marine Instrumentation.
Ocean Energy:
A mathematical model for optimisation of the spacing of the Caisson for Thangasserry breakwater in Kerala was developed and structural design of the caisson and details of construction completed. A 5 KW excitation controller for induction generator to deliver constant power output was developed. A design for a Slurry Pumping System using Jet pump was completed.
Deep-Sea Technology and Ocean Mining: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies of shallow water mining was taken up. A special inspection vehicle was developed to inspect the underwater tunnels.
Coastal Zone Studies: NIOT's focus in this area is technology oriented dealing with development and application of mathematical models to predict and monitor the changes of the coastline.
A base line survey to determine the effect of discharge of the effluent from coastal aquaculture farms located all along the Indian Coast, was completed.
Marine Instrumentation: Relatively inexpensive instrument was developed for the measurement of velocity Profile. A Consultancy work was taken up to conduct geo-technical investigations on various bore hole samples relating to Ennore Coal Port in Tamil Nadu.
Coastal Research Vessels:
To facilitate systematic collection of water and sediment at all desired locations and onboard analysis of the mandatory parameters, steps were taken to acquire two Coastal Research Vessels. These vessels also facilitate collection of samples. Laboratory facilities along with analytical instruments are also proposed to be built in for onboard analysis of several physico-chemical, and biological parameters. These vessels will be used by the COMAPS institutions, National Institute of Ocean Technology and other academic institutions.
In order to attain the desired draft and stability, a design review was made and a few mid-term corrections in the design were carried out. Construction of vessel upto 90% level was completed as against the anticipated 80%. Meanwhile, procedures for the selection of a shipping company to run, maintain and manage the vessels were initiated and the companies were shortlisted. Recruitment of staff for the Vessel Management Cell at NIOT, Madras was completed.
International Obligations & Cooperation Programmes:
Contribution to International commissions and organisations such as Inter-Governmental Oceanographic Commission, Commission on Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, UNCLOS and Regional Seas Programme etc. were continued.
The JGOFS is an established core programme of International Biosphere-Geosphere Programme (IGBP) to determine carbon flux in the world oceans with a view to establishing the role of Oceans in governing atmospheric CO2 content. The Indian component of JGOFS is aimed at assessing the role of the Arabian Sea as a source/sink of CO2 and other green house gases which primarily consist of four major components namely biological oceanography, geo-chemical studies, physical oceanography studies, particle and sedimentation studies etc. The institutes, viz., National Institute of Oceanography, Goa; National Chemical Laboratory, Pune; and Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad; are participating in the JGOFS(India) project.
Under the programme, 2 multi-disciplinary oceanographic cruises, approximately of 30-days each on board ORV SAGAR KANYA were completed in the Arabian Sea, covering monsoon and premonsoon seasons.
Information and Awareness
National Ocean Information System (NOIS):
India has a long coastline of 7,500 km, including as many as 1256 islands with many major cities and towns located in the coastal areas and about twenty five percent of the country's total population is inhabited there, depending directly or indirectly on coastal waters for their livelihood and recreation. A large number of agencies, including research institutions, academic establishments, survey and oil exploration agencies in the country are dealing with a variety of ocean and ocean related activities. The activities generate enormous amount of data and information in various fields relating to Ocean Science and Technology. In this context, to develop and disseminate the data products for the benefit of scientists and policy makers in the country, the Department implemented a National Ocean Information System (NOIS) programme, under which:
* Infrastructure facilities in all the 13 Marine Data Centres (MDC) ere developed.
* Micro Earth Stations (MES) to connect MDC through the satellite based National Informatics Centre (NIC) Network at 11 MDC were established.
* Hardware and software requirements of the MDC were finalised.
* Data formats for data storage and retrieval were finalised.
Exhibition & Fairs:
This programme is aimed at inculcating the sprit of scientific temper and awareness on Ocean Science & Technology among the masses. Accordingly, exhibitions are organised wherein the activities of the Department and the programmes are highlighted. The Department participated in the National Science Day exhibitions at different schools in Delhi, Science Exhibition in Jamia Milia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi and Exhibitions on Oceans at Vasco, Goa Exhibition at Jamilia Millia Islamia, New Delhi during the financial year 1995-96,
Marine Aquaria, Oceanaria etc.:
A number of endangered marine species like horseshoe crabs, olive ridley turtles and coral fishes live in the coastal and near shore waters. The only way to create awareness among the public on marine life is to display in live condition their behavioural pattern in a unique facility like oceanarium. The advancement of submarine structural technology during the last few years has led to creation of under-sea observation systems such as aquaria, oceanaria, etc. This permits the viewer to see the living habitats of marine animals under the natural conditions. In order to have this facility in the country an oceanarium in the private sector on Build, Own, Operate and Maintain (BOOM) basis, was planned to be set up.
The activities related to promoting establishment of an oceanarium in Goa on BOOM basis was carried out. Global tenders were invited through leading news papers. Suitable site for the establishment of oceanarium at Miramar Beach, Goa was identified. Request for Proposal document was drafted and assessed by the Project Management Committee, constituted by the Department. List of animals to be displayed and the minimum facilities required in the oceanarium were finalised. Based on the response received, copies of the Request for Proposal document were sent and technical and financial bids were evaluated.
Exploration of Living and Non-living Resources
Department carries out the task of survey to locate and map the resources potential, living and non-living with the help of its own vessels ORV Sagar Kanya and FORV Sagar. In year 1995-96, ORV Sagar Kanya and FORV Sagar Sampada were instrumental in carrying out the multidisciplinary survey and exploration activity in Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea with the participation of various CSIR and ICAR institutes viz. NIO, NGRI, PRL NCL, CMFRI, IFP, CIFT etc.
FORV SAGAR SAMPADA is designed for fisheries and oceanographic research in the Exclusive Economic Zone of India and the contiguous high seas. The vessel was ice-strengthened to give support to India's Antarctic scientific programmes for working as far south as 60 S latitude. Marine Fisheries Resources Research is the principal function of the vessel. It is well equipped for locating fishery resources, assessing the extent of their distribution and quantifying the fish stocks in the column waters and level bottom through effective use of a multiplicity of fishing gear such as bottom trawl, pelagic and midwater trawls and long-line and aided by modern underwater acoustics and electronic data processing systems.
Major achievements of FORV Sagar Sampada during 1995-96 were:
* Thirteen cruises were carried out with the participation of 29 organisations.
* Physical and chemical oceanographic data for quantifying North-South transport of biogenic element, were collected.
* Inter-annual variability of hydrographic conditions during the North East monsoon in the Eastern Arabian Sea and redox chemistry of nitrogen system with the oxygen poor water of the Arabian sea, investigated.
* The effect of chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds, was assessed under marine pollution studies.
* Calibration of on-board scientific equipment was undertaken.
* 20 research scholars from 11 Indian Universities of nine States were imparted training on zooplankton methodology..
* Water circulation and paleo-climate / paleo-oceanography in Arabian Sea, were studied.
* LAN system on-board the vessel was installed.
* Crustacean fishery resources were assessed.
* Fish biomass was studied by conducting acoustic survey in the east and west coasts.
* Efficiency of gears and assessment of resources and post- harvest technology were studied.
* Isotopic analysis in a micro-extraction system, invented by a participant Dr. Yoshinari of State University, Albany, USA was used for the first time during Cruise No. 136.
* Arabian Sea is found to be a region with extremely delicately poised biogeochemical balance that makes it very sensitive to human interference.
* 33 m Bobbin trawl found suitable for demersal trawling in continental slope with wavy bottom.
ORV Sagar Kanya has a total of 13 laboratories spread over three decks and various other additional work spaces. The laboratories are fully equipped with the basic equipment for oceanographic research in geology, geophysics, meteorology, chemical and physical oceanography and marine biology.
Major achievements of ORV Sagar Kanya during 1995-96 were:
* Retrieval and re-deployment of sediment traps in Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal to understand and evaluate the role of physico-chemical and biological processes by quantifying particulate flux sinking to the ocean floor.
* BOBCRUST studies (gravity, magnetic and seismic) carried out in Bay of Bengal.
* Upper air data collection of meteorological parameters by IMD.
* Collection of data on temperature, salinity and other parameters of the Bay of Bengal under Tropical Ocean and global Atmospheric Programme (TOGA) to understand the evaluation of upper thermal structure on annual and inter- annual time scales and to explore the linkages between variability to upper layer heat content and Indian summer monsoon.
* Collection of sea truth data for Ocean Remote Sensing Programme and to validate algorithms for retrieving oceanographic and meteorological parameters from satellite data.
* Joint Global Ocean Flux Studies (JGOFS) were undertaken to determine and understand processes controlling time-varying fluxes of carbon and associated biogenic elements in the Arabian Sea and to predict the response of biochemical processes to climate change.
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CHAPTER III
Review of Overall Performance during 1996-97
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ANTARCTIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME
During the period under review, the XVI Indian Antarctic expedition was launched on 12 December, 1996 with the aim towards achieving a part of the long term scientific objectives, to be pursued in Antarctica by the Department.
The scientific experiments envisaged to be undertaken during this expedition are as follows:
Atmospheric Sciences:
(i) Vertical profiling of ozone and dynamics of ozone hole: The National Physical Laboratory has designed a state-of-the-art experiment by using a Laser Heterodyne System (LHS) designed to yield the vertical profile of ozone and other minor trace gases in the atmosphere upto a height of 60 km.
(ii) Fluxgate Magnetometer Studies: This is an ongoing study to be continued by the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Bombay and is designed to understand the dynamics of mobile current systems in the Antarctic atmosphere.
(iii) Climatological and Meteorological Studies: This is being pursued by Indian meteorological Department since the first expedition with the aim to build up an Antarctic climatological data bank on a decadenal scale. This information will be used to generate meteorological models to understand the patterns of Antarctic circulation in the context of global and Indian weather systems.
(iv) Electrical Conductivity and Aerosol Particle Distribution Studies: This is a new experiment to be initiated by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune. In this experiment, it is proposed to measure the atmospheric electric field along with size distribution of fine aerosol particles over Antarctica and during the sea voyage.
Earth Sciences:
(i) Geological mapping and Glaciological Studies: Geological mapping will be carried out to cover an unmapped area of 100 sq.km. in the Kurze and Holtedahl ranges of Orvin II mountains during the XVI Expedition. Samples will be collected from Schirmacher hills for laboratory analysis in order to undwerstand the petro-geochemical evolution.
(ii) Geological Evolution of Schirmacher Hills, East Antarctica : This is a multifaceted study initiated by the Deptt. of Geological Sciences, Jadavpur University in the XV Expedition. The aim of this ongoing project is to understand the structural, petrological, geo-chemical and geo-chronological signatures in the rocks of the Schirmacher Oasis so as to elucidate the history of crustal evolution of the area.
(iii) Snow Drift and Albedo Studies in Antarctica: This is an ongoing study to be continued by Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE) for understanding the net energy exchange budget between the atmosphere and the variety of terrains encountered in Antarctica. The reflectivity of the snow cover surface i.e. the albedo, which is the most crucial factor in controlling the energy balance, will be measured through a number of experiments under different physical conditions.
(iv) Hydro-Geochemistry, Thermal Structure and Sedimentology of Lakes: This is a new proposal to be undertaken by Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur. Studies on Lake Sediments representing annual depositional episodes can throw light on climatic fluctuations which are very well manifested in the mineralogical and chemical variations in the sediments.
(v) Teleseismic Studies : Studies on seismic activities as recorded in Antarctica will be undertaken for the first time from the Indian station by the scientists from the National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad. It is proposed to set up a digital broad band seismograph as a part of the seismic observatory with the objectives to monitor and study the frequency and strength of seismic activity in Antarctica.
(vi) Topographic and Geodetic Survey: Survey of India will carry out a detailed topographical survey for preparing (a) geodetic maps of the shelf for the location of the new discharge-site and (b) location for an alternative summer camp in the vicinity of Maitri.
(vii) Hydrographic Studies: A team from Naval Hydrography will carry out hydrographic survey in the areas falling within IHO chart Nos. 9050 and 9051, forming the approach waters to the Indian Bay in Antarctica.
Medical Sciences:
(i) Studies on Human Physiology: The All India Institute of Medical Sciences will continue experiments to co-relate circadian rhythmicity and metabolic status of personnel exposed to the severe Antarctic conditions in order to understand the adaptive processes. The study will include monitoring of heart rate, body temperature, body composition, liver tests, food intake and the related physico-emotional aspects.
(ii) Biochemical Evaluation of Nutritional Requirements: Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS) will mount a new initiative to study the nutritional aspects in order to evaluate the effects of physiological stress and resultant metabolic requirements to which a subject is exposed to in cold conditions.
Biological Sciences:
(i) Long Term Monitoring of Mammals and Birds: This is a continuing project being undertaken by the Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun to devise a monitoring system for population dynamics for mammals (only seals) and avian taxa. This will be carried out to define and evaluate the ecosystem health and the inter-species relationship.
(ii) Polar Horticulture: Defence Agricultural Research Laboratory will continue experiments on development packages for practices for protected polar vegetable production in Antarctica.
(iii) Studies on Bryo-vegetation : As a part of studies on bio-diversity of Antarctica, Botanical Survey of India (BSI) for the first time, will carry out a taxonomical survey of Bryophytes including both mosses and liverworts in the Schirmacher Oasis. These plants play an important role in the ecosystem such as, the nutrient status and primary productivity.
Engineering & communication:
(i) Structural Engineering Studies: Research and Development Engineering Establishment, Pune has been entrusted to undertake a study on condition monitoring of the structural components of the station under low temperature conditions. A novel aspect of these studies includes an on-line monitoring facility between Antarctica and R&DE, Pune, through INTERNET facilities.
(ii) Communication: The Defence Electronics and Application Laboratory of DRDO has been given the complete responsibility of maintenance and upgradation of the communication linkages from Maitri. These include:
a) Upgradation of data and voice communication using computer interfacing.
b) HF propagation studies as a factor of ionospheric conditions.
c) VHF propagation vis-a-vis radiometeorological conditions.
d) Development of transmission techniques of still picture frames.
(iii) Wind Energy Utlisation in Antarctica: With the available data on energy needs of the station a simulation study as to the possible energy inputs through renewable energy devices, particularly wind would be undertaken for the system designing purposes for the first time by the National Aeronautical Laboratory.
(iv) Fire Fighting Engineering: In addition to the routine upkeep of the fighting equipment in Maitri, the Defence Institute of Fire Research (DIFR) will carry out testing and installation of the linear thermal fire detecting system which is a modern technique to guard and detect fire breakouts.
In addition, the following logistic tasks are envisaged to be undertaken during this period.
a) De-induction of gensets from the `A' Block of Maitri and their relocation in containerized accomodation.
b) Creation of a full-fledged Marine Instrumentation room comprising OT, examination room, X-ray and dark room, sterilization room, linen and medical store room in the `A' Block.
c) Installation of a electrical trace coil heating system in the main water supply line.
d) Environmental inspection and cleanup of Maitri and its environs in terms of the Environmental Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty.
Antarctic Study Centre:
The construction activities of the Antarctic Study Centre (ASC), at Goa, which is designed to cater as the nodal Centre for all future scientific and logistic activities related to the Indian Antarctic expeditions will continue under the supervision of CSIR.
Polymetallic Nodules Programme:
Survey and Exploration:
The following are likely to be achieved during 1996-97 :
* Collection of the baseline time series oceanographic data was continued in the CIOB by the 3 deep sea mooring systems.
* Preparation of a report on additional 10% relinquishment of the pioneer area.
* Sampling data collected so far is being utilised for updating of the resource potential of the remaining pioneer area.
* Environmental Impact Assessment study has been designed and commissioned in the pioneer area. Data pertaining to relevant oceanographic parameters were obtained from CIOB.
* About 10.5 tonnes of nodules were collected for extractive metallurgy work.
* Sampling in the identified blocks of 25 km x 25 km was completed on 12.5 km grid interval, by grab and spot photographs.
* Updating of resource evaluation will be done on the basis of sampling data on 12.5 km grid interval.
Mining:
The following activities are expected to be completed during 1996-97 :
* Design Hardware realisation and testing of the upgraded Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV at lake/river for further improvement.
* Design development of a shallow water mining system.
* Continuation of design and development of multiuser system of deep sea mining, i.e. underwater communication system, robotics and underwater manipulator initiated at NIOT, Madras.
Extractive Metallurgy:
* Following are anticipated to be achieved during 1996-97 :
* Four pilot plant compaigns are expected to be completed at National Metallurgical Laboratory, (Jamshedpur) and three in Regional Research Laboratory (Bhubaneswar), out of 4 compaigns envisaged at each laboratory.
* Hindustan Zinc Ltd. (HZL), Udaipur, is carrying out several compaigns of leaching by pre leach-pressure leach Acid Route in 5 litre capacity autoclave.
* Cobalt bearing cake solution produced by these laboratories will be sent to Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, for extracting nickel and cobalt.
* A promising process route for 500 kg/day continuous mode pilot plant will be selected.
Marine Satellite Information Service (MARSIS):
* Generation of PFZ advisories and dissemination to 174 fish landing centres, twice a week except during monsoon season.
* Completed coastal wet-land maps for the entire country.
* Completed shore-line change mapping of the entire coastal stretch of the country.
* An empirical model for retrieval of surface winds developed using past ERS-1 data.
* Methodology for water vapour retrieval from Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) developed.
* A first generation model for estimation of Mixed Layer Depth from wind stress and ocean surface parameters developed.
* An empirical wave hindcast / forecast model using past data developed and is undergoing validation tests.
* Sea truth for satellite data validation were collected. Deployed 9 low cost drifters and 4 multiparameter drifters. Conducted 3 special ORV. Sagar Kanya cruises for validation of 1RS-P3 Modular Opto-electric Scanner (MOS) data were conducted.
* Under "Ocean modelling" project, a basin scale model for Arabian sea is being attempted using the Modular Ocean Model (MOM). Preliminary studies on Modelling of air-sea interaction were completed.
* Coastal zone data base for Tamil Nadu was completed. For the remaining states, data are being collected and archived. Coastal Zone Information System (CZIS) for Rameswaram Taluk in T.N., Mahandi Estuary Mangroves and Chilka lagoon was completed.
Sea Level Monitoring and Nodelling (SELMAM):
* Completed Tide gauge cabin construction at all the 10 SELMAM Tide gauge stations.
* 10 Float Digital Tide gauges fabricated are proposed to be installed.
* Under the modelling project "Sea level variability in the coastal regions of India" analysis of past tidal data was continued.
* 200 copies of the Coastal area maps for the stretch from Nellore to Machilipatnam were prepared for supply to user agencies.
Data Buoy Programme:
Approval of Govt. of India for the establishment of the Data Buoy System has been obtained. An agreement has been signed between the Department and M/S. Oceanor for the supply of National Data Buoy System. The Department has also obtained approval of NORAD for partial financial assistance to the Data Buoy programme.
COSTAL ZONE AND ISLANDS
Coastal Ocean Monitoring & Prediction System (COMAPS):
Based on the data collected from 1991 to 1996, intensive monitoring of pollutants in 32 locations designated as hotspots is being done for 2 seasons a year to determine the trend of increase or decrease of pollution as given below :
* Areas of clean sea water quality : The sea coast beyond 2 Km along the coastline of India except off Bombay is clean and conform to quality of clean waters. This is primarily due to the fact that the levels of dissolved oxygen and other parameters are fulfilling the requirements of clean sea water.
* Areas of low concentration of pollutants : In Bedi, Vadinar and Kandla of Gujarat, Ratnagiri in Maharashtra, Mandovi and Zuari in Goa, Mangalore Port in Karnataka, Cannanore and Calicut in Kerala, Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu and the West Bengal coast, the concentrations of dissolved oxygen was fairly good and other toxic elements like ammonia, heavy metals in sediments and biota were slightly higher (about 15%) than the clean waters and hence they have been classified as areas of low concentration of pollutants.
* Areas of Moderate Concentration of Pollutants : In Porbandar, Damanganga estuary, and Vapi industrial estate in Gujarat, Mangalore coast in Karnataka, Kochi backwaters, Quilon and Veli in Kerala and Tuticorin and Arumuganeri in Tamil Nadu, the levels of dissolved oxygen were moderate to normal and however some of the elements like ammonia, pathogenic bacteria in sea water and heavy metals in sediments showed higher concentration (about 25%) than the normal values. Hence, these areas are classified as regions of moderate concentrations of pollutants.
* Areas where concentration of Pollutants may become high in near future : In Veraval Port, in Gujarat, Ulhas, Versova Creek, Mahim Bay and Thane Creek in Maharashtra , Visakhapatnam Harbour and Kakinada Bay in Andhra Pradesh and Puri in Orissa, the concentrations of dissolved oxygen were `nil' to `low' during low tide period. Their levels improved only moderately (30-50%) during the high tide period. Further, the levels of toxic metals like cadmium and lead were high in sediments in some locations (like Thane creek). If no control measures are exercised now, the areas will become regions of high concentration of pollution in another 5 to 6 years.
* The mathematical model on Thane Creek was developed and field tested by using the field data collected under this programme.
* Infrastructural facilities were strengthened in all the COMAPS units.
* To ensure the quality data being collected under the programme, intercalibration exercises conducted by RRL, Trivandrum, twice a year.
Pollution levels have been periodically brought to the notice of the concerned State Pollution Control Boards for remedial action.
Island Development Programme:
The following activities are expected to be performed during the year 1996-97:-
* Continuation of the project relating to rejuvenation of corals in A & N Islands.
* Creation of regular manpower for Andaman & Nicobar Centre for Ocean Development (ANCOD)
* Continuation of project on shrimp culture in acid sulphate soil for perfection and dissemination of the technology to the Islanders.
Marine Instrumentation and Systems:
Shore stations will be set up in 10 locations in the States of West Bengal, Orissa, Maharashtra, North Goa and the Union Territories of Pondicherry, Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep. The survey of sites identified was taken up in January `97 and a major portion of the work for setting up the facilities will be completed by March `97. As per the agreement with M/s Punwire Ltd, the project in all the 10 shore stations will be completed by middle of June `97 benefiting about 1350 fishermen. The Integrated G.P.S.- cum-Fish Finder fabricated by M/s Aerospace and M/s Bharat Electronics Ltd will be made available to selected beneficiaries for field trials at 10 shore stations set up under Phase-I & II of the Shore to Fishing Vessel Communication Project.
Research, Development and Specialised Manpower
* Development of Mathematical models for tidal current and residual current circulation in Hoogly estuary and salinity intrusion associated with the astronomical tides and storm surges.
* New fellowships were awarded.
* A Post-Graduate Degree course on Coastal Aquaculture and Marine Biotechnology and a Post-Graduate Diploma course in Coastal Aquaculture and Coastal Zone management in Andhra University were funded.
* Oceanographic information was disseminated through publication of popular science monographs in different languages.
* Financial assistance was provided for 34 Seminars, Symposia, etc., on Ocean Sciences.
Drugs from Sea:
The Phase III of the project was initiated during 1996-97. Refinement of techniques to isolate bio-active substances from marine organisms was continued. Detailed screenings of biological samples from marine flora and fauna led to identification of five organisms possessing properties as anti- diabetic, anti-viral, anti-amoebic, anti-anxiety and larvicidal agents, for possible development of potential herbal drugs. In addition, regular collection, identification etc., of marine flora and fauna was also continued.
Infrastructure and Ships
National Institute of Ocean Technology
Ocean Energy:
A new power module of 55 KW rating with an improved air turbine and a variable speed induction generator was designed, developed and installed at the Wave Energy Plant in Vizhinjam, Trivandrum in April 1996. Performance monitoring of the module is underway to evaluate the potential of its commercialisation.
Deep-Sea Technology and Ocean Mining:
Preliminary design of Underwater Crawler for Placer Deposit mining was completed.
Development of Jet pump for transporting mined material in the form of a slurry consisting of sand, gravel and water commissioned.
Coastal Zone Studies:
A mathematical model to predict and monitor the changes of the coastline was developed. Calibration and validation of the model is underway.
A baseline survey to determine the effect of discharge of the effluent from coastal aquaculture farms located all along the Indian Coast was completed.
Marine Instrumentation:
Design and development of Acoustic Tide Gauge to measure tidal levels to an accuracy of 5 mm, initiated.
Preliminary hull design for Remotely Operable Sea Skimmer (ROSS) was developed.
Coastal Research Vessels:
Two coastal Research Vessels, viz. Sagar Paschimi and Sagar Purvi were constructed indigenously to facilitate systematic analysis of pollution perameters of water, sediment and biological samples collected from east and west coasts of India. Both the vessels are equipped with sophisticated scientific equipment for onboard analysis. Sagar Paschimi, was commissioned on 6th November, 1996 at Mumbai and Sagar Purvi, on 19th December, 1996 at Calcutta. Both Sagar Paschimi and Sagar Purvi are plying along west and east coasts respectively under the management of National Institute of Ocean Technology, Madras.
International Obligations & Cooperation Programmes
During the year 1996-97 also contributions to International Commissions like CCAMLR, UNCLOS, Regional Sea programme and organisations were continued. With the coming into force of UNCLOS, India became entitled to delineate the continental margin beyond EEZ of 200 nautical miles, which can extend our sovereign rights over the marine living and non-living resources of the continental margin. Preparatory work for initiating a new scheme on Delineation of continental shelf was taken up.
Being the Member of Commission for Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), the Department initiated actions to develop capabilities to exploit living resources specially krill in the Antarctic waters. The Department supported a few programmes in developing countries, like assistance towards setting up of tide gauges in Vietnam. To promote the regional cooperation in the field of environment management in South Asian Region, an action plan was finalised and was adopted by South Asian countries viz. Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
Under Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission(IOC), the Department hosted a meeting of the IOC Regional Committee for the Central Indian Ocean (IOCINDIO) during 20-22 Nov. 1996. A Regional Workshop on Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) Capacity Building was also organised in Goa during 18-19 November 1996.
Information and Awareness
National Ocean Information System (NOIS):
* During the year, 11 data centres became functional and are engaged in the storage and dissemination of data to the users.
* Formats for storage and activities of the data were reviewed
* Campaigning the utility of NOIS data to the users were taken up.
* Guidelines for the data exchange was developed
Marine Aquaria, Oceanaria, etc.:
Successful bidder, M/s Goa Theme Park, Pvt. Ltd., with the sound financial and vast Technical expertise was identified for the establishment of an oceanarium at Goa. Implementation agreement was signed between the bidder and the Government of Goa, which has provided a land area of 32,000 sq.m. for construction of the Oceanarium Complex at Miramar Beach, Goa, on lease basis.
Exploration and Assessment of Living and Non-Living Resources
ORV Sagar Kanya:
Ten scientific cruises have been completed, of which two cruises for carbon flux studies in the Arabian sea under JGOFS programme to predict climate change. The major investigation carried out during this period include:
* BOB CRUST studies in the Bay of Bengal for gravimetric, bathymetric, sediment sampling and geological aspects of Eastern continental margin.
* Surface heat fluxes, circulation and volume transport in respect of warm pool in Bay of Bengal. Comparison of zooplankton diversity during the pre-monsoon season.
* Environmental impact assessment in the Polymetallic Nodule mining.
* Investigations on the gravity, magnetic anomalies, geomorphology and study of air-borne particle flux and deep- sea samples in the Arabian sea.
* Physical, chemical and meteorological studies in the Equatorial Indian Ocean including the circulation features.
* Collection of sea truth data for validating satellite derived oceanic parameters and validation campaigns for IRS-P3 Modular Opto- electronic Scanner (MOS).
FORV Sagar Sampada:
During 1996-97 FORV Sagar Sampada undertook 12 research cruises till December `96. The main area of survey/study was in the Arabian Sea. Nine organisations participated as user agencies in the above cruises. Five cruises were undertaken by the CMFRI for the assessment of cephalopod and mesopelagic resources, between Latitude 7deg - 22deg , 30' N and 76deg 30' to 66deg E in the Arabian Sea. Data on Oceanographic parameters such as salinity, dissolved nutrients, SST, dissolved oxygen, plankton distribution etc were also collected during the cruises.
The shoals observed in the survey area included mainly of tuna, dolphins etc, besides juveniles and young ones of a variety of other fishes. The catches of Nemipterus spp and Priacanthus hamrur were recorded off Kasargod and Gujarat coast respectively.
Two cruises were undertaken by NIO to study the bio geo-chemical process within the Arabian Sea suboxic zone. Apart from collecting the hydrochemical and hydrographic data, to get a measure of seasonal and inter- annual changes, process-oriented studies were also undertaken during the cruise. These crusies generated additional data on Nitrogen/Argon gas ratio especially in the deeper water and investigated its spatial variability. The cruises also revealed dual isotopic position on concentration of Nitrous Oxide. The high quality of hydrographic data generated would be useful for the fishery scientists to study mesopelagic fish such as myctophids in regulating carbon fluxes and mid water depth in bio-geo-chemical cycling. Studies also included hydrographic aspects, sediments and zooplankton collections and fish samples covering the zone between Honovar to Karwar, off Goa and international waters. Altogether 24 species of fishes were collected from different stations to identify and quantify the levels of contamination of various chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Indian Antarctic Krill Expedition:
The First Indian Expedition for assessment of krill and other marine living resources in the Antarctic waters was completed in the second week of March `96. The samples of krill were distributed to the Integrated Fisheries Project - Kochi, FSI - Mumbai, NIO - Goa, CIFT - Kochi and CFTRI - Mysore. The IFP Kochi developed products such as krill sausages, krill ball, krill burger, krill cutlet, krill kabab, canned krill ball, dried krill, krill chutney powder, seasoning, meat textured protein concentrate, krill meal, feed and pickles and have been test marketed. The byproducts developed were chitin and chitosan. Proximate composition analysis showed that the products have excellent nutritional properties. The calorific value ranged from 117 to 240K calories. The shrimp feed prepared out of krill meal was rated equal in quality to imported feeds and much superior to indigenous feed with respect to physical and chemical quality characteristics. The results of this expedition were presented and discussed in a one day workshop during December `96 at Mumbai.
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CHAPTER IV
Activities/Targets for 1997-98
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Antarctic Research Programme:
During the period 1997-98, the Seventeenth Indian Antarctic Expedition will be launched with the aim of achieving the long term scientific objectives formulated by the Department and as such contributing to the international scientific compaigns in Antarctica under the aegis of SCAR and/ or through bilateral cooperation. Further, with India's ratification of the Environmental protocol to Antarctic Treaty, all our scientific and logistic activities in Antarctica in future have to be redesigned and reoriented to conform to the principles of the protocol.
The broad scientific and logistic activities planned to be taken up are as follows:
* Continuation of studies on ozone, trace gases and aerosols of the Antarctic atmosphere using various state-of-the-art equipment.
* Archieval of meteorological parameters that can be employed for climate modelling and prediction.
* In situ geological and air-borne geophysical investigations of the Central Dronning Maudland area.
* Continuation of experiments on solar terrestrial phenomenon like optical aurora and geo-magnetic perturbations.
* Survey and assessment of living resource potentials of Antarctic waters.
* Identification and taxonomic classification of micro and macro- organisms as a part of on-going biodiversity studies of Antarctica.
* Experiments on Antarctic ice moss studies in relation to snow drift patterns and snow albedo.
* Studies on adaptation techniques of human beings in adverse conditions to continue.
* Application and utilization of clean energy sources like wind and sun in Antarctica.
* Upgradation of communication facilities with special emphasis on real time picture transmission.
* Commissioning of an effluent treatment plant for disposal of liquid waste.
* Commissioning of the medical inspection room and creation of library-cum-conference-cum-computer room at Maitri.
Antarctic Study Centre:
The construction of the Phase I of the ASC at Goa, comprising of logistic administrative and residential blocks are expected to be completed during this period. Phase II of construction of the Centre comprising scientific laboratories and database repository will be followed thereafter.
Financial Requirements : Rs.21.75 crore.
Polymetallic Nodules Programme:
Survey & Exploration:
* Updating geo-statistical resource evaluation based on closer grid sampling in selected blocks.
* Relinquishment of additional 10% of the Pioneer area.
EIA Study:
* Disturbance at test site of the seabed by a specially designed mechanical disturber to simulate environmental disturbance. Finalisation of report of benthic disturbance activity and base line data collection activity.
* Monitoring of impacts of disturbance in the test site as well as in the reference site.
* Procurement of CTD.
Technology Development (Mining):
* Generation of Detailed Technical Project Report for deep sea mining.
* Design and development of shallow bed sand mining system (100 tonnes/hr capacity) with its control system as an immediate application for the mining system in association with the industry.
* Commissioning of upgraded ROV for inspection upto 250 m. depth in sea environment.
* Design and development of multi-user subsystem.
* Design and testing of materials for deep sea applications. This activity includes study and designing of a hyperbaric facility and corrosion prevention technology.
Technology Development (Extractive Metallurgy):
* Demonstration campaign at NML (J), RRL (B) and HZL (U) as a part of the data generated in the earlier campaigns.
* Supply of carbonate cake from NML (J) for extraction of cobalt and sulphide solution of RRL (B) to BARC for extraction of nickel and cobalt.
* The design and commissioning of solvent extraction facility at BARC for treatment of solution / cake for extraction of nickel and cobalt will be taken up.
* Design and development for 500 kg. capacity continuous demonstration plant.
Financial Requirements : Rs.15.60 crore.
International Obligations & Cooperation Programmes
India as a member of IOC/UNESCO would participate in the IOC Assembly and seek re-election as a member of Executive Council. Contributions to international bodies such as CCAMLR, SCAR/COMNAP will be continued. Further, being an elected member of International Seabed Authority and the International Tribunal for the law of the Sea, India would participate actively and also contribute financially. India will also extend support to the Regional Seas Programme.
Finance Requirements: Rs. 1.10 crore.
Ocean Observation and Information Services:
The programme "Ocean Observation & Information Services" has been started from 1997-98 by restructuring and integrating the on-going schemes such as MARSIS, SELMAM, JGOFS, Data Buoy programme and NOIS. The proposed programme will have 4 essential components viz.; Ocean Observing Systems, Ocean Information Services, R&D in Satellite Oceanography and R&D in Ocean Dynamics and Modelling. The following will be the major activities proposed to be taken up in 1997-98:
Ocean Observing Systems :
* It is proposed to deploy 4 met-ocean data buoys at selected locations in the Arabian sea and Bay of Bengal.
* Sea truth and ground truth data collection for validation of satellite derived data will be strengthened by deployment of additional drifting buoys, current-meter arrays etc.
* Vertical profiling of temperature and salinity using expendable Bathythermographs and expendable CTDs.
* Setting up of a dedicated centre for near real time reception, analysis and dissemination of in-situ ocean data.
Ocean Information Service :
* Continuation of operational services such as generation and dissemination of SST maps and PFZ advisories.
* PFZ advisories will be further refined by using additional parameters such as surface currents, chlorophyll etc.
* Generation of wind-vector maps, atlases on Mixed Layer depth, heat budget etc..
* Strengthening of coastal zone information services.
* Service will be offered in the form of coastal wet land maps, shore-line change maps etc.
* The 14 NOIS centres established by the Department shall be maintained and operated.
R&D in Satellite Oceanography :
* Capability to retrieve oceanic features such as eddies, heat budget, wind vector, waves etc. developed on a pilot scale will be validated and improved to make them operational.
* Initiation of assimilation studies to integrate data from different sources to contemporary ocean models.
R&D in ocean dynamics and modelling :
* Development of regional models on the dynamics of the Indian Ocean and defining the parameters that govern their short-term / long-term variability.
* Development of specific models that can provide 3 days to one week forecasts on ocean-state.
* Long-term changes in climate and the contribution of the oceans to these changes.
* Field programme of the Indian JGOFS is expected to be completed by 1997 and results would be integrated and presented in an International Symposium of JGOFS proposed to be held in Amsterdam during November, 1997
Financial Requirements : Rs.19.00 crore.
Ocean Awareness:
It is proposed to participate in India International Trade Fair at Pragati Maidan, New Delhi. The Department will also have its own mobile van consisting of exhibits highlighting the objectives of the activities for promotion of Ocean Science & Technology among the masses. Exhibits are also proposed to be displayed in the National Science Museum at Delhi and its 24 branches spread over different parts of the country to create awareness among the people on the potential and uses of Ocean. Progress on construction of Oceanarium complex at Miramar Beach, Goa will be monitored. It is proposed to extend technical assistance to other State Governments in establishing oceanaria / aquaria.
Financial Requirements : Rs.0.30 crore.
Coastal Ocean Monitoring & Prediction System (COMAPS):
The COMAPS programme at present deals with the chemical, biological and microbiological parameters. The COMAPS programme will be continued at the present level as far as the chemical and biological parameters are concerned. During 1997-98, microbiology programmes will be expanded and physical oceanographic studies will be included to make the programme more comprehensive. Monitoring of pollutants in ecologically sensitive areas like Gulf of Kutchch wherein large scale developmental activities are being planned, will be initiated.
A Geographical Information System (GIS) containing the following details is proposed to be developed and updated in order to keep track of various sources of pollutants and their levels at various locations:
* Statewise waste disposal points which discharge the waste water from domestic and industrial sources directly into the sea; details of creeks, estuaries and other water bodies which receive these effluents along with the disposal points of waste water in these water bodies.
* Volume of discharge of waste water in different seasons.
* The chemical characteristics of waste water.
* Incorporation of physical, chemical and biological data in the GIS
Financial Requirements : Rs.2.00 crore.
Island Development Programme:
The following activities are expected to be taken up during the year 1997-98:
* Work on creation of basic infrastructural facilities (building, laboratory, etc.) for ANCOD will be initiated.
* Continuation of the ongoing programmes such as rejuvenation of coral reef, studies on the ecology and environmental aspects of the A & N waters.
* Completion of the project on shrimp culture.
* Initiation of work on the programmes on augumentation of marine living resources such as Seabass Culture, Ornamental fish Culture and Seaweed Culture.
Financial Requirements : Rs.0.50 crore.
Marine Instrumentation and Systems:
Phase II of the project "Shore to Vessel Communication" at 10 shore stations will be completed and handed over to the respective State Governments for continued operation and maintenance. The spill over work of 1996-97 will be completed.
Financial Requirements : Rs.2.00 crore.
Research, Development and Specialised Manpower:
* Basic and applied research on physical, chemical and biological oceanography will be continued.
* Facilities and manpower in some of the universities, National Research Laboratories, Centres, etc., will be upgraded.
* Topical research in the field of coastal zone management, marine pollution, climatology, etc., will be encouraged in line with the need for sustainable development.
Financial Requirements : Rs.2.00 crore.
Drugs From Sea:
The following activities are proposed to be taken up during the year 1997-98:
* Collection and identification of 200 new marine flora and fauna for chemical extraction and bio-evaluation.
* Continuation of the process of biological evaluation of 5 marine organisms possessing anti-viral, anti-diabetic, anti-ameobic, anti- anxiolytic and larvicidal activities.
* Continuation of clinical trials of Phase-I active extracts and regulatory pharmacology and toxicology.
* Completion of the processes for evolving herbal drugs.
Financial Requirements : Rs.2.00 crore.
National Institute Of Ocean Technology (NIOT):
Ocean Energy:
Preliminary design studies on Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) will be taken up. Modification of work of the drillship of ONGC will be initiated. Work on design, construction and Installation of 56 metre long barge type wave energy plants will be taken up. Completion of feasibility studies on floating wave energy plant.
Deep sea Technology and Ocean Mining:
Post-dredging monitoring to study the influence of rare earth mining at Chavara in Kerala is proposed to be conducted. Testing of underwater manipulator at deep waters would be taken up. Design of pilot nodule mining plant is proposed to be carried out.
Coastal Zone Studies:
Validation of mathematical models for estimating the coastal processes like nearshore wave transformation, sediment movement and also for designing coastal and offshore structures will be continued. A water quality laboratory is proposed to be set up.
Marine Instrumentation:
Establishment of test protocols and preparation of operational manual for the major equipment commissioned already. Conducting field tests for the acoustic tide gauge developed at NIOT, for necessary improvements.
Financial Requirements : Rs.7.50 crore.
Costal Research Vessels:
During the year both the vessels Sagar Purvi and Sagar Paschimi will be operated for COMAPS and other programmes of DOD.
Financial Requirements : Rs.3.00 crore.
Administration Support:
The present sanctioned strength of the Department including administrative, technical and supporting staff is 213 in all grades for Headquarter, attached and subordinates offices .
The Department has three attached offices viz. Antarctic Study Centre at Goa, Sagar Sampada Cell at Kochi and Project Cell for implementation of Polymetallic Nodules programme in Delhi. During 1996-97, a new subordinate office, Andaman and Nicobar Centre for Ocean Development (ANCOD) was established at Port Blair
Financial Requirements : Rs.1.50 crore.
Exploration and Assessment of Living and Non-living Resources
FORV Sagar Sampada:
The Department will continue its task up survey to locate and map the Resources potential, living and non-living with the help of FORV Sagar Sampada and ORV Sagar Kanya. During 1997-98, vessels will perform multi- disciplinary survey in the fields of physical, chemical, geological and biological oceanography, assessment of living and non-living resources and exploratory activities in both the Bay of Bengal and Arabian sea, with the participation of national laboratories, ICAR and other fisheries research institutes, educational institutions etc.
Financial Requirements: Rs. 15.88 crore (Non-Plan)
New Activities / Tasks During 1997- 98
A. Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management (ICMAM):
The coastline of India has a variety of habitats such as vast stretches of backwaters, estuaries, lagoons, bays, mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass and algal beds, etc. These areas are considered as critical habitats as they are unique, exhibiting high degree of biodiversity, and supporting diverse flora and fauna. There is an increasing pressure to utilize the resources around coastal areas including the critical habitats for various purposes like development of harbour, urban sites, industries, waste disposal systems and aquaculture sites. Due to overuse and abuse, both biological diversity and biomass of the systems are undergoing rapid decline and changes. DOD, being proposed as the nodal Department for implementation of the Ocean Regulatory Zone (ORZ) notification will undertake the following preparatory activities/projects which are essential to this programe:
Financial Assistance to Coastal States and Union Territories for Implementation of ORZ Notification and ICMAM Plans:
State Governments need technical and financial assistance to build up facilities and for manpower traning for the implementation of ORZ notification as well as ICMAM plans. It is proposed to provide funds for non-recurring items. All the recurring expenditures to operate the projects cells will be met by the states.
Establishment of Administrative and Technical Cells of DOD:
For implementation of ORZ and monitoring the activities, establishment of administrative and technical cells are essential. This activity will be carried out utilising the services of Central and State Pollution Control Boards and other institutions including the Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs).
Capacity Building :
Technical activities relating to ICMAM in the following areas will be taken up in order to develop expertise in the country. This part of the project is expected to be funded by the World Bank.
Development of GIS Based Information System for Critical Habitats (CHIS) in the Coastal Marine Areas and Identification of No- Impact Zones:
The critical habitats like mangroves are priority areas that need to be conserved and managed sustainably. Therefore, it is proposed to develop a computer-based system composed of comprehensive and integrated set of data designed for decision-making using modern techniques like Geographical Information System (GIS), which will be useful for preparation of Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management Plans (ICMAMP).
Preparation of model Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management Plans (ICMAMP):
To cater to the need of the coastal states two / three model plans are proposed to be developed to achieve the ecological balance and sustainable economic development.
Waste Assimilation Capacity and Ecological Modelling of selected Coastal Areas:
Development of a predictive capability for a given coastal area requires assessment of the environmental capacity to assimilate defined pollutants. Therefore, Waste Assimilation Capacity of each selected area will be developed and ecological modelling like Hydrodynamic Modelling, Pollutant Transport Modelling, Water quality modelling, Pathogenic bacteria Modelling, and Phytoplankton Modelling will be carried out.
Development of Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment Studies for Marine, Coastal and Developmental Activities:
The proposed project aims at developing comprehensive guidelines for offshore and coastal structures, ports and harbours, process industries, marine wastewater disposal, tourism, beach and shallow water mining and aquaculture activities. A separate cell to implement these projects will be established in Madras, the capacity building projects, have been funded by the World Bank.
Financial Requirements : Rs.9.00 crore.
B. Marine Biodiversity
To ensure ecological balance and sustained food production, preservation and conservation of marine biodiversity is one of the most essential tasks. In order to fulfill the lacuna in investigations relating to the assessment of marine biodiversity, it is proposed to initiate a new scheme during 1997-98 on Marine Biodiversity with due emphasis on assessment of biodiversity and formulation of strategies for its conservation and sustainable use.
Qualitative and quantitative investigations on the occurrence and distribution of Marine flora and fauna in the estuaries, creeks and territorial waters;Development of a data base which will form a base for providing information on Marine biodiversity to the proposed Integrated Coastal Marine and Area Management (ICMAM) Plans; Impact of various activities on marine biodiversity through on-going programmes like COMAPS; Preparation of management strategies for conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity; and the activities proposed to be initiated.
Financial Requirements : Rs.0.05 crore.
C. Delineation of Outer Limits of Continental Shelf:
In accordance with the stipulations of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, it is mandatory to submit the data for a claim to extend our continental margin beyond the Exclusive Economic Zone of 200 nautical miles, within ten years from the date of coming into force of the Convention.
The convention came into force on 16 Nov. 1994, and India ratified the same in June 1995 and the need has now arisen to delineate the outer limits of our Continental Shelf in accordance with its provisions. India is likely to gain an additional area of about 1.5 million sq.km outside the Exclusive Economic Zone, where the inherent rights of India can be duly exercised for exploration and exploitation of the living and non-living resources.
A larger continental margin apart from exploitation of the resources therein, also allows the country to lay submarine cables and pipelines, which are important for communication purposes. Any comprehensive legislation by India in the future over the Exclusive Economic Zone and the continental shelf, would also be applicable to these areas even beyond the EEZ, once we complete the obligations of delineation.
Under this project, it is proposed to carry out the following tasks in 1997-98:
* Chartering the vessel
* Procurement of equipment
* Utilisation of existing facilities & ships available to NHO, GSI & DOD towards simultaneous Pilot Survey.
Financial Requirements : Rs.1.00 crore.
D. Marine Non-living Resources:
The preparatory work on the following aspects are proposed to be taken up during 1997-98, under this project.
* Identification of the nature, chemistry and frequency of hydrothermal discharges in the Andaman back area basin, relate it to the ongoing seafloor volcanism and spreading and to develop a model for hydrothermal processes and metallogenis.
* Generating high resolution climate change markers in the sediments of the Bay of Bengal and develop a dynamic model of sedimentary accumulation during glacial and inter-glacial periods.
Financial Requirements : Rs.0.05 crore.
E. Assessment of Marine Living Resources:
With a view to have a realistic and reliable information on the potential marine living resources in the Indian EEZ for sustainable development and management and to augment the sea food production and thereby the income of the coastal fishing community and the fishing industry, it is proposed to take up a concerted programme for assessment of marine living resources beyond 50m depth in the Indian EEZ and correlate fish abundance with ecological aspects. The activities envisaged for 1997-98 include :
* Compilation of available information on marine living resources, their distribution and their inter-relationship with oceangraphic parameters.
* Development of a systematic and standard methodology for carrying out resoruces survey in the Indian EEZ.
* Upgradation/augmentation of on-board and on-shore facilities with Sagar Sampada Cell, FSI and educational institutions.
Financial Requirements : Rs.0.05 crore.
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CHAPTER V
Appraisal of Performance of Major Programmes/Projects
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Antarctic Research Programme:
The Antarctic Research programme which was initiated on a modest scale in 1981 has since taken shape into a major national programme that has a distinct multi-institutional and multi-disciplinary approach. Sixteen scientific expeditions have been launched on a regular annual basis which has carried out research work in the thrust areas of polar sciences. Till date, more than 45 national institutions have participated as scientific and logistic components of the expedition thereby putting about 1200 Indians to the icy continent.
The first Indian station, Dakshin Gangotri which was established on the ice-shelf in 1984 has since outlived its life and has been replaced by a modern and indigenously built station `Maitri' which was established in the Schirmacher Oasis in 1988. Maitri is equipped to provide comfortable living facilities for 25 persons on a year round basis and has several laboratories to carry out research in the frontier areas of Antarctic Science. So far, ten technical reports have been published and two reports are presently under preparation. Approximately, 300 scientific papers have been published in various national and international journals of repute.
By virtue of our sustained scientific interest in Antarctica, India has acquired Consultative Status in the Antarctic Treaty System. She is also a member of the various international bodies affiliated to the Antarctic Treaty System. India has been able to decisively influence the outcome of the negotiations leading to the adoption of the protocol on Environmental protection to the Antarctic Treaty in 1991, which has since been ratified by India in April 1996.
The Department constantly evolves scientific programmes, which are based on national priorities and can contribute to global issues. India's long term scientific strategy in Antarctic has been judiciously framed by the Department with a clear cut focus on three basic and mutually dependent factors namely, science, logistics and economics. Over the years, a distinct impetus on scientific objectives has resulted in an increase in the scientific team component over the logistic team.
In brief, the benefits of the Antarctica scientific research to India are:
* Studies of Antarctic meteorology with the aim to build a climatological data set for application in the prediction and forecast of the Indian monsoons.
* Studies on ozone hole and other trace gases to understand its influence over the climatic pattern of the Southern Indian Ocean.
* Studies on auroral phenomenon and geo-magnetic storms have yielded valuable insights to solar terrestrial physics of the outer space.
* Geological mapping of hitherto unmapped areas of Schirmacher Oasis and Wolhthat mountains has helped to understand the geological evolution of this area and its co-relation in the reconstruction of the Gondwana land.
* Studies on human adaptations in cold and extreme conditions and this application to the frontier regions of the country.
* Identification of Antarctic microbes and its application for human and organic waste degradation in cold regions of Himalayas.
* Technology transfer on a commercial basis as a spin-off of the SODAR instrument developed in Antarctica for studying inland environmental pollution.
* Research and development in cold temperature technology in designing prototype toilet incinerators, generators and low temperature structures used in Antarctica has been deployed in colder regions of the country.
* Availability of trained manpower pool to work in extreme cold, harsh and isolated conditions have been generated from the expeditions.
* The Indian Navy and Air Force by virtue of their participation in the expeditions have gained professional expertise of the highest order in snow-ice navigation under adverse climatic conditions.
Polymetallic Nodules Programme:
The Polymetallic Nodules Programme envisaged eventual exploitation of the nodules from the allotted mine site in the Central Indian Ocean Basin.
As commercial mining of nodules according to international forecasts may not be feasible till 2010, development of technologies for mining from the deep ocean may be viewed as contribution to a long term objective. The Department appointed two committees headed by Shri M. Gopalkrishna, Additional Secretary and Shri B.K. Rao, Ex-Secretary, Ministry of Mines to suggest alternative uses of technologies for intermediate applications. The entire mining programme has been reoriented on the recommendation of these committees.
An upgraded version of Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) has been designed, developed and tested in shallow depth of 5 metres by Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI), Durgapur. A 2nd generation ROV is being designed. Simultaneously at the shallow water sand mining system off Chavara coast, Kerala, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study was commissioned. Pre- disturbance baseline data has been collected for one year off Chavara as a part of EIA study.
The Survey and Exploration endeavour is aimed at firmly establishing the resource potential on the basis of progressive closer grids sampling, spot photographs. Topography of the pioneer area has been completely covered by hydrosweep. The abundance pattern vis-a-vis the geomorphology is established along with upgradation of the resource evaluation techniques on the basis of one lakh photographs obtained from the mine site. Three moored systems have been deployed in the pioneer area which continue to obtain continuous time series oceanographic data. The analysis of the data will reveal the environmental condition at various depths over a period of time in the pioneer area of the Central Indian Ocean. A report recommending additional 10% relinquishment of the pioneer area has been prepared.
For the extraction of metals from the nodules, three metallurgical routes were pursued at National Metallurgical Laboratory (NML), Jamshedpur, Regional Research Laboratory (RRL), Bhubaneswar and Hindustan Zinc Ltd (HZL), Udaipur. Pilot plant campaigns of 100 kg per day capacity are continued at RRL and NML for optimising the process parameters for recoveries of Copper, Nickel and Cobalt. At HZL bath scale experiments are conducted for firming up the process package.
Marine Satellite Information Service (MARSIS):
The major achievements of this programme so far include:
* Operational generation and dissemination of SST and PFZ advisories. Extensive validation studies of the PFZ advisories have confirmed its utility in reducing the search time by fishing boats and also in getting better catch per unit effort. This data product has been well accepted by both the traditional and mechanised fishing sectors. However, the Department plans to further refine the PFZ by incorporating other parameters such as chlorophyll data which could not so far be achieved due to non-availability of ocean colour data from satellites. It was originally planned to get this data from the sea WiFs, on-board the American Satellite "sea star". However, the launch of this satellite has been postponed repeatedly and the satellite is yet to be launched.
* The coral reefs of the entire country have been mapped and codified. These maps are useful in the scientific management of the fragile coral ecosystem.
* Coastal wet-land maps and for the Shore-line change maps of entire country have been prepared. These maps indicate mangroves, aqua- culture sites, coastal erosion, accretion which are useful in coastal zone management.
* Suspended sediment load maps developed through the MARSIS programme can be effectively used by the port authorities, State Governments and researches for various applications.
* The programme has also succeeded in demonstrating on a pilot basis the capability for retrieval of other parameters such as winds ,wave, currents, Mixed Layer Depth, Heat budget of the oceans etc. from satellite data. If satellite data is available on a regular basis, these parameters can be made operationally available.
National Ocean Information System (NOIS):
This programme has the productive and purposeful use of the information generated by R&D institutes through a network of data centres by having an intellectual and material connectivity with each other. It shares and exchanges data and information with expert institutes engaged in R&D activities in ocean sector. So far 13 institutes specialised in specific areas of activity located in different parts of India have been identified to accomplish the objectives of collection, validation, collation, storage and dissemination of information for its productive use.
Coastal Ocean Monitoring & Prediction System (COMAPS):
Infrastructural facilities to all the participating institutions have been fully strengthened with sophisticated equipment to achieve the activities stipulated for this programme.
The programme has for the first time identified areas of no, low, moderate and high concentrations of pollutants in the seas around India. This is expected to the State Pollution Control Boards to take control / remedial measures particularly in areas of moderate and high concentration of pollutants. The data and information collected have also been useful in taking decisions on location of industries and encouraging human settlements.
Coastal Research Vessels:
Two Coastal Research, viz., Sagar Paschmi and Sagar Purvi commissioned during 1996-97, will facilitate collection of samples at all desired locations along the coastline and onboard analysis of several physico- chemical and biological parameters stipulated under the COMAPS programme.
National Institute Of Ocean Technology (NIOT):
The major objective of NIOT is to initiate and develop new technologies for harnessing ocean resources. As the ocean field is quite large, the work of NIOT is mandated to be carried out under four specific missions as mentioned in the earlier chapter. The major achievements of NIOT so far have been development of a new generation power module required in the wave energy project. Through intensive design and modelling an improved air turbine with a variable speed induction generator has been designed and fabricated. The new power module has been installed in the Wave energy plant and its performance is being studied.
Exploration of Living and Non-living Resources:
FORV Sagar Sampada has so far completed 150 cruises. These cruises were undertaken for physical, chemical and biological oceanography, resource surveys, harvest and post-harvest technologies, productivity studies, biogeochemical processes, pollution monitoring etc.
The vessel participated in a 75 day successful Krill Assessment Cruise during December, 1995 to March, 1996 for studying the potential of krill in the Indian Ocean Area of Antarctic Waters. The vessel covered 33 sampling stations making 16 trial hauls in the southern ocean for a period of 22 days and conducted a number of experiments, collected data on distribution and abundance of krill and other living resources.
ORV Sagar Kanya has so far participated in over 120 cruises in the Indian EEZ and contiguous high seas for assessment of the non-living resources, Oceanographic studies, Joint Global Flux Studies etc.
Marine Research and Manpower Development:
Under the basic research programme 42 projects for promotion of basic research in ocean sciences were implemented. These projects have provided interesting results on the history of the sedimentation process, tectonic events including Himalayan drift; have given an insight into the physical oceanographic phenomena like upwelling and the Heat budget; have provided clues for development of potential drugs and chemicals from the marine organisms, etc.. The studies on coastal pollution have indicated the areas of heavy metal pollution. Similarly, the studies on coastal dynamics as well as circulation and sedimentation processes have indicated the need and extent for/of dredging operation in the ports and harbours. Over 65 scientific papers on various aspects of Ocean Science & Technology were published in standard journals. Over 100 fellowships were awarded for undertaking research activities in the field of ocean sciences and technology. The opening of specialised Centres of Excellence has also given a boost to the R&D efforts in Ocean Sciences in specific areas, such as Air-Sea interaction, Coastal Zone Management, Antarctic Research, Polymetallic Nodules, Coastal Aquaculture, etc. These programmes have also helped the participating institutes in augmenting the manpower resources, through capacity building in ocean sciences and technology.
International Obligation /Cooperation:
Consequent on coming into force of UNCLOS, India is entitled to delineate the continental margin beyond the EEZ of 200 nautical miles, which can extend our sovereign rights over the natural resources of the continental margin.
Drugs from Sea:
The National Project on Development of Potential Drugs from the Ocean has led to identification of 17 potential organisms having properties as anti- fertility, anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-diabetic, anti-malarial, anti- hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiolytic, anti-amoebic and larvicidal agents. Out of these, five organisms which showed potent activity as anti- diabetic, anti-viral, anti-amoebic, anti-anxiety and larvicidal agents, have been identified for developing atleast two herbal drugs in the next few years.
Marine Instrumentation :
The communication facilities created in nine places in the four southern states and South Goa have benefited over 850 fishermen families, and demonstrated the usefulness of the communication system to the safety of fisherfolk. This has paved the way for extending such facilities to the fishermen living in the other coastal states and the Island groups. The extended phase of the project will provide such facilities at ten more places benefiting over 1350 fishermen families.
Indigenisation of the technology for integration of Global Positioning System navigator and fish finder, under a pilot project, has enthused the private firms to venture into production of such units for the benefit of small- scale fishermen as they will be useful to the small-scale fisherfolk in locating the position of the fishing vessel at sea, for ensuring their safety and locating the fishing shoals, improving their livelihood, socio-economic status and enhancing their income.
Island Development Programme:
The Shrimp Culture Project taken up in A & N Islands has demonstrated the economic viability of scientific methods of shrimp farming in acid sulphate soil. The A & N Centre for Ocean Development (ANCOD) has provided the basic requirement to the Islanders for undertaking the following activities :
* Oceanographic studies.
* Coastal Ocean Monitoring and Prediction System (COMAPS) programme of the DOD.
* Demonstration of mixed culture of fish species.
* Rejuvenation of coral reefs in A&N Island.
* Setting up of two state of the art tide gauge stations at Port Blair and at Southern group of Islands for continuous monitoring of sea level rise.
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CHAPTER VI
Summary of Financial Requirements
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CHAPTER VII
Explanation of Financial Requirements for 1997-98
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Antarctic Research Programme:
During the year 1997-98 the XVII Indian Antarctic Expedition will be launched. Long term scientific objectives as laid down in the ten years work profile designed by the Department will be initiated. The activities in the areas of geology, atmospheric sciences, biological sciences etc., as explained in Chapter IV will be continued. The benefits of the scientific research to India are given in detail in Chapter V.
In order to continue the scientific activities and maintain the station, it would be necessary to continue the annual expedition, chartering of the ice- breaker, implementation of the provisions of Environmental Protocol cost of the Antarctic Treaty etc, maintenance of the permanent station and logistics activities in the station funds to the tune of Rs.21.75 crore would be required in the year 1997-98.
Polymetallic Nodules Programme:
The Polymetallic Nodule (PMN) programme is a national programme. It consists of the following basic components:
1. Survey & Exploration in the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB)
2. Technology Development (Mining)
3. Technology Development (Metallurgy)
4. Environmental Impact Assessment
This is one of the potential and promising areas for development of expertise and technologies and is important in more than one way. The entire PMN Programme has been reoriented on the basis of the recommendations of different expert committees constituted by the Department. It is proposed to procure an offshore platform in the form of second hand ship from ONGC on scrap value and carry out modifications to make it serviceable for our use in various ocean technology related programmes. The activities proposed to be taken up during 1997-98 are the part of long-term activities planned under the programme and an amount of Rs.15.60 crore is essential to achieve the targets stipulated.
Exploration and Assessment of Living and Non-Living Resources
The task of survey to locate and map the resources potential , living and non-living with the help of its own vessels ORV Sagar Kanya and FORV Sagar will have to be continued in the coming years as collection of enormous data and information on geological, biological, chemical and physical oceanography and exploration activity in Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea are essential in order to ensure systematic assessment of living and non-living resources and also understanding of various oceanographic phenomena which play a vital role in the climate changes, abundance of living resources etc. Therefore, an amount of Rs.8.78 Crore and Rs. 7.10 Crore will be required for ORV Sagar Kanya and FORV Sagar Sampada, respectively under non-plan budget.
Coastal zone and Islands
Ocean Observations and Information Services:
The Marine Satellite and Information Services (MARSIS) programme has been restructured and integrated as Ocean Observations and Information Services from 1997-98 onwards. Some of the ongoing programmes such as MARSIS, Sea Level Monitoring and Modelling, Joint Global Ocean Flux Studies, Data Buoy Programme and National Ocean Information Services have been amalgamated with this programme. As already indicated in Chapter-IIC, this programme will have four essential components viz. Ocean Observing Systems, Ocean Information Services, Research & Development in Satellite Oceanography and Ocean Dynamics and Modelling. Under this programme, Met-Ocean Data on real time basis, Sea Truth and Ground Truth verification on Satellite derived data, generation and dissemination of Potential Fishing Zone Forecasts useful to Coastal fishermen, preparation of coastal zone maps for evolving plans for integrated Coastal Zone Management, land use planning, conservation and management of the fragile ecosystems, evolving models on ocean dynamics, ocean state, climate change, etc. will be addressed. In order to undertake this activity and to achieve the objectives, during 1997-98, the provision of Rs 19 crore is essential for this programme.
Coastal Ocean Monitoring & Prediction Systems (COMAPS)
The programme on monitoring of marine pollution with collection of data at 77 locations on the stipulated 25 parameters will have to be continued to know the trends on increase and decrease of pollutants in all the areas where such investigations are being taken up. Microbiology programmes are proposed to be extended and physical oceanographic studies will be initiated. In addition, Geographic Information System package is also proposed to be developed and updated. The above studies involve extensive field collection of data for which an amount of Rs. 2.0 crores is essential during 1996-97.
Island Development Programme:
Andaman & Nicobar Centre for Ocean Development is proposed to be revamped and restructed into a full fledged society with adequate infrastructure facilities of its own for carrying out both ongoing and new programmes. A sum of Rs. 0.50 crore is very much essential for this programme during 1997-98.
Marine Instrumentation and Systems:
During 1997-98, 10 shore stations under Phase-II of the Project "Shore to Fishing Vessel Communication System" will be operationalised and maintained. An outlay of Rs 2.00 crore has been earmarked for 1997-98, to meet the spill over expenditure of committed expenditure on Phase-II of this project.
Research, Development and Specialised Manpower
It is essential to undertake R & D activities in the ocean sector in order to understand the oceanographic phenomena and to study basic aspects relating to the ocean and its inhabitants. Several ongoing projects will continue to be provided Under Manpower Programme, support to research personnel will have to be continued in various Universities/Laboratories. During the year 1997-98 new projects on ocean science & technology will be supported. Therefore, an amount of Rs.1.90 crore is required for Assistance for research projects, seminars, symposia etc. and amount of Rs.0.10 crore is required for Manpower Training in Ocean Research & Management.
Drugs from the Sea:
The on-going efforts to produce drugs from 5 most potential marine organisms for treating diabetes, amoebiasis, viral microbial diseases, anxiety and as larvicidal agent, regulatory pharmacology and toxicological studies, Phase I clinical trials etc., will have to be continued during the phase III of the programme, for which Rs.2 crores will be required during 1997-98.
Infrastructure and Ships
National Institute of Ocean Technology:
The activities proposed to be continued are in the fields of wave energy, instrumentation, shallow water mining system and coastal zone management. These activities range from development of technical processes to technology. Primary design studies on OTEC, development of Barge Type Wave Energy Plants, testing of underwater manipulator at deep waters, pilot module, mining plant, validation of mathematical models for estimating coastal processes, establishment of test facilities for marine instrumentation, etc., are proposed during 1997-98. For these activities Rs.7.50 crore is essential during 1997-98.
Coastal Research Vessels:
The two coastal research vessels viz. Sagar Purvi and Sagar Paschimi, commissioned during 1996-97 will have to be operated, maintained, managed and utilised for the COMAPS programme. A feasibility study for designing and constructing 2 more Coastal Research Vessels will also be taken up. These activities require an amount of Rs.3. crore during 1997-98.
International Obligations & Co-Operation Programmes
During the year 1997-98 also contributions to International Commissions and organisations like IOC, UNCLOS, SCAR, IWCO CCAMLR, etc. where India has made commitments will have to be made. The studies relating to Delineation of Continental Shelf will also need to be initiated to meet the international obligations. An amount of Rs.2.10 crore is required for these programmes.
Exhibitions & Fairs:
During the year 1997-98 the Deptt. has decided to participate in the International Trade Fair at Pragati Maidan if it is able to procure the pavilion. The Deptt. will also participate in the exhibitions conducted at various places in Marine Science and carry out preparatory work for Lisbon Expo 1998. To carry out these activities in the year 1997-98, an amount of Rs.0.25 crore is required.
Marine Aquaria, Oceanaria, etc.:
An amount of Rs. 0.05 crore will be required in 1997-98 to monitor the progress made in the construction of oceanarium in Goa and to take up feasibility studies for setting up similar facilities elsewhere.
Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management:
DOD which is proposed to be a nodal agency for implementation of the Ocean Regulation Zone will initiate projects/programmes which are essential for conservation of the vast stretches of fragile ecosystems along the coast line. Mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass, etc. are considered as critical habitats exhibiting high degree of biodiversity. Under this programme,it is proposed to provide financial assistance to coastal states and Union Territories for implementation of the coastal and marine area management plans, establishment of administrative and technical cells for implementation of the programme, capacity building at various levels on Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management, development of GIS based information system for critical habitats, preparation of model integrated coastal and marine area management plans, waste assimilation capacity and ecological modelling of selected coastal areas and development of guidelines of EIA studies. A part of this programme relating to Capacity Building will be funded by the World Bank. For implementation of the aforesaid activities during 1997-98, a sum of Rs 9 crore is very much essential.
Marine Resources Programme:
Under this programme, assessment of Marine Living and Non-living resources and Marine biodiversity studies are proposed to be undertaken during 1997-98 with a view to have a realistic and reliable information on the potential marine living and non-living resources in the Indian EEZ for sustainable development , identification of the nature, chemistry, etc. of hydrothermal discharge in the Andaman seas, development of dynamic model of sedimentary accumulation in the Bay of Bengal (BENFEN) and for ensuring ecological balance, sustained food production, preservation and conservation of Marine biodiversity. For these programmes, a taken provision of Rs 0.15 crore is required during 1997-98.
Direction and Administration
For continuing the manpower created for implementation of the ongoing programmes, for meeting the requirements of additional staff for implementing the proposed new programmes and to meet expenses for implementation of the Fifty Pay Commission's recommendations, a sum of Rs 1.20 crore is required for 1997-98.
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Ministry of Earth Sciences
